Hormonal, Antioxidant, and Body Composition Differences in National LevelElite Male Athletes: A Comparative Study of Aerobic and Anaerobic Training

Manar Jaradat¹Eyad Maghayreh²Waqar Husain³Khaled Trabelsi^4,5Adam Tawfiq AMAWI⁵Haitham Jahrami^6*Hadeel Ghazzawi^1*

• ¹School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Aljubeiha, Jordan
• ²Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Balqa, Jordan
• ³Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
• ⁴Research Laboratory Education, Motor Skills, Sport and Health, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
• ⁵Faculty of Sports Sciences, The University of Jordan, Amman, Amman, Jordan
• ⁶Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Capital Governorate, Bahrain

Background: Competitive Elite athletes exhibit distinct physiological adaptations depending on their sport type and training techniques. These variations influence body composition, hunger-regulating hormones, and antioxidant defense mechanisms, which collectively impact performance, recovery, and progression. This study aimed to compare body composition, serum levels of ghrelin, leptin, and glutathione (GSH), and their interrelationships in national level elite male athletes engaged in aerobic and anaerobic sports.Methods: Twenty elite competitive male athletes (aged 17-38 years) were evenly divided into aerobic (AS) and anaerobic (AnS) sports groups. Body composition-including skeletal muscle mass (SMM), fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), and percent body fat (PBF)-was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Blood samples were collected after 8 hours of fasting to measure ghrelin, leptin, and GSH levels. Dietary intake was evaluated using a 24-hour recall. Group differences were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, and correlations were determined using Spearman's rank correlation, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05.Results: The AnS group displayed significantly higher SMM and FFM compared to the AS group (p < 0.05). Ghrelin levels were significantly lower in the AS group (p < 0.05), while leptin and GSH levels did not differ significantly between groups. Positive correlations were observed between ghrelin and both SMM and FFM (r = 0.585, p = 0.007), and between GSH and dietary protein intake (r = 0.476, p = 0.03). Conclusions: Anaerobic exercise enhances muscle mass, while aerobic exercise supports appetite suppression. Limitations include the small sample size and reliance on 24-hour dietary recall. Future research should use larger, more diverse samples and explore combined training effects. Recommendations include incorporating resistance training into aerobic regimens to optimize muscle mass and monitoring protein intake to support antioxidant defenseAerobic exercise supports appetite suppression, while anaerobic exercise enhances muscle mass and energy regulation. Combining both types of exercise optimizes hormonal balance, muscle composition, and antioxidant defense, benefiting athletic performance and recovery. Future studies with larger samples are recommended.